There are two types of testimony: 1) the account of an eyewitness, and 2) the judgment of an expert who has had the chance to examine and interpret the facts. The final type of evidence used in writing a convincing argument is Testimony. The success or failure of the entire argument rests on whether or not the writer can utilize adequate reasoning in coming to the right judgments. There is nothing in the history books or newspapers that can prove this assumption to be true. This would be a judgment on the writer's part. ![]() From these facts, the writer concludes that the disaster could have been avoided if a few scientists been willing to speak up about some unsettling findings. For example, a writer could start by presenting certain facts about the knowledge that scientists had regarding the condition of the Challenger prior to takeoff. These are assumptions that the writer makes about his/her subject after carefully considering the facts. It is necessary for the writer to utilize Judgments as well. Judgmentįacts, however, cannot carry the entire argument. This would then force the reader to agree with the writer on at least one point. For instance, if a writer wanted to argue that smoking is a detriment to your health, he/she would begin by citing factual information about the large number of people who die every year from smoke-related diseases. Facts are used primarily to get the reader to stand on the writer's plane of reasoning. A statement declaring, "On January 28, 1986, the shuttle Challenger exploded upon lift-off," must be accepted by the reader, since it is a historical certainty. Since facts are indisputable, the writer automatically wins the reader’s mutual agreement by utilizing them. Factsįacts are among the best tools to involve the reader in the argument. ![]() See also the page on logic and argumentation. This page explores the types of evidence used in argumentation. These categories are Fact, Judgment, and Testimony. There are three main categories of evidence that are essential to gain the audience's confidence in the writer's assertions. If the writer is going to make some headway with an argument, however, he/she must be able to give evidence to support the claims the paper will make. ![]() With it, the writer attempts to win the reader over to his/her view of the topic, or, at the very least, to show the reader a new perspective about the subject discussed. This claim is better known as the writer's argument. In most papers, the writer’s aim is to find a topic and make a claim about it.
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